Metahistory for (Ro)bots: Historical Knowledge in the Artificial Intelligence Era

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15848/hh.v12i29.1443

Keywords:

Digital Humanities, Digital History, Theory of history

Abstract

This text offers a theoretical reflection on the effects of the artificial intelligence and digital era on the historian’s métier. It is based on a set of experiments involved in the development of a cybernetic historian, dealing with hypotheses such as (ro)bots creating historical narratives and mastering methods of both quantitative and qualitative analysis, as well as suggesting research problems. In other to do so, we present our own technology, in progress of development, and we problematize the steps to create a historian “bot". The term robot is understood as a computer program executing tasks on a largely automated basis, without any relationship with a human user. In turn, tasks are complemented by an artificial intelligence system. This emergent reality raises an urgent debate on ethical issues, such as transparency and digital ethics, and it may also be useful to problematize the future of the historical profession in the contemporary world.

 

Corrigendum published on April 28, 2019.

1. Both authors contributed equally to this work.

2. The property of the algorithm used to obtain the data of this article belongs to Oldimar Cardoso.

 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Thiago Lima Nicodemo, Universidade Estadual de Campinas

Professor de Teoria da História da UNICAMP, bolsista CAPES-Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung na Freie Universität Berlin, na modalidade de "pesquisador experiente" e membro do corpo permanente dos Programas de Pós-Graduação da UERJ e da UNICAMP. Formado em História pela Universidade de São Paulo e em Direito pela PUC-SP (ambos em 2002), é mestre e doutor em História Social pela USP e duas vezes pós-doutor pelo Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros da USP, ambas com apoios FAPESP. Possui experiência internacional como pesquisador na Universidade de Bologna (2007), Universidade do Texas em Austin (2009-2010), na Oliveira Lima Library/The Catholic University of America (2014) e na Stony Brook University (2015). Autor dos livros "Urdidura do Vivido" (EDUSP, 2008), "Alegoria Moderna" (UNIFESP, 2014) e de "Uma Introdução à Historiografia Brasileira, 1870-1970" (2018, FGV, com Pedro A. C. dos Santos e Mateus Pereira). Atua nos campos de Teoria da História, História da Historia da Historiografia e História intelectual, mantendo atualmente duas linhas de pesquisa, uma sobre a história de Arquivos e Bibliotecas no século XX e XXI, incluindo a problemática digital; e a outra sobre a inserção global da historiografia e do pensamento social do/sobre o Brasil.

References

AGAMBEN, Giorgio. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1998a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804764025

AGAMBEN, Giorgio. Remnants of Auschwitz: the witness and the archive New York: Zone Books, 1998b.

ASIMOV, Isaac. Robot. New York: Doubleday, 1950.

BORGES, Jorge Luis. Funes el memorioso. In: BORGES, Jorge Luis. El Aleph. El informe de Brodie. Caracas: Biblioteca de Ayacucho, 1988.

BRACHMAN, Ronald J. On the epistemological status of semantic networks. In: FINDLER, Nicholas (ed.). Associative Networks: Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers. Cambridge: Academic Press, 1979.

BRUSILOVSKY, Peter; PEYLO, Christoph. Adaptive and Intelligent Web-based Educational Systems. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education (IJAIED), n. 13, 2003.

CALISKAN, Aylin et al. Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases. Science, n. 356, p. 183-186, 2017. Available from: http://science.sciencemag.org/. Acessed: Mar. 13th, 19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4230

CARDOSO, Oldimar. Cultura histórica e responsabilização científica. In: BODEMER, Klaus (ed.). Cultura, sociedad y política en América Latina. Aportes para un debate interdisciplinario. Madrid/Frankfurt a. M.: Iberoamericana/Vervuert, 2012.

CHAKRABARTY, Dipesh. Provincializing Europe, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.

COHEN, Daniel J.; ROSENZWEIG, Roy. Collecting History Online. In: ROSENZWEIG, Roy. Clio Wired: The Future of the Past in the Digital Age. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011.

DARNTON, Robert, Can We Create a National Digital Library? The New York Review of Books, 2010. Available from: http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2010/10/28/can-we-create-national-digital-library/. Access: Mar. 13th, 19.

DIAZ-JEREZ, Gustavo. Composing with Melomics: delving into the computational world for musical inspiration. Leonardo Music Journal, n. 21, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/LMJ_a_00053

FOUCAULT, Michel. La vie des hommes infâmes. In: FOUCAULT, Michel. Dits et Écrits, Tome III, Texte 198. Paris: Gallimard, 1972.

GALLOWAY, Alexander R. The Interface Effect. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012.

GIANNACHI, Gabriella. Archive Everything. Mapping the Everyday. Mit Press, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035293.001.0001

GREENWALD Anthony Galt. An AI stereotype catcher. Science, v. 356, issue 6334, apr. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan0649

HAYLES, Katherine. How we Became Post-Human. Virtual bodies in Cybernetics, Literature and Informatics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226321394.001.0001

HERSH, Eitan D. Hacking the Electorate. How Campaigns Perceive Voters. Cambridge University Press, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316212783

LI, A. et al. The fundamental advantages of temporal networks. ScienceMag, nov., 2017.

JOCKERS, Matthew Lee. Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History. University of Illinois, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037528.001.0001

KELLEY, Robert. Public History: its origins, nature and prospects. The Public Historian, v. 1, n. 1, p. 16-28, 1978. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3377666

LATOUR, Bruno. Pandora’s Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.

LIDDINGTON, Jill. What Is Public History? Publics and Their Pasts, Meanings and Practices. Oral History, v. 30, n. 1, Theme Issue “Women’s Narratives of Resistance”, 2002.

MANOVICH, Lev. The Language of New Media. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 2001.

MCCUSKER, James et al., Finding melanoma drugs through a probabilistic knowledge graph. PeerJ Comput. Sci., n. 4, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.2007

MORETTI, Franco. Graphs, Maps, Trees: Abstract Models for a Literary History Verso, 2005.

NOBLE, Safiya Umoja. Algorithms of Oppression. How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. New York, NY: NYU Press, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1pwt9w5

PAUL, Herman. Distance and Self-Distanciation: Intellectual Virtue and Historical Method Around 1900. History and Theory, v. 50, n. 107, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2303.2011.00606.x

PEARCE-MOSES, Richard. A glossary of archival and records terminology. Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 2005.

PEIXOTO, Tiago; ROSVALL, Martin. Modelling sequences and temporal networks with dynamic community structures. Nature Communications, n. 582, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00148-9

RAIBERT, Marc et al. BigDog, the Rough-Terrain Quadruped Robot. Proceedings of the 17th World Congress The International Federation of Automatic Control, Seoul, Korea, July 6-11, 2008.

RAMSAY, Stephen. Reading machines: toward an algorithmic criticism. University of Illinois Press, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036415.001.0001

RICOEUR, Paul. Temps et Récit. Paris: Le Seuil, 1983.

RICOEUR, Paul. History, Memory, Forgetting. University of Chicago Press, 2006.

RILEY, Michael; FRIER, Sarah; BAKER, Stephanie. Understanding the Facebook-Cambridge Analytica Story: QuickTake. The Washington Post, March 22th, 2018. Available from: https://wapo.st/2HO1sUJ. Access: Mar. 13th, 19.

ROSENZWEIG, Roy. Clio Wired: The Future of the Past in the Digital Age. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011.

ROUSH, Wade. Google Gets A Second Brain, Changing Everything About Search. Xconomy, December 12th, 2012. Available from: https://bit.ly/2Ia7e2g. Access: Mar. 13th, 19.

SCHELLEMBERG, Theodore. Modern archives: principles and techniques. Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 1996.

SNEHA, P.P. Mapping Digital Humanities in India. CIS Papers, India: The Centre for Internet and Society, 2016.

SILVA, Edson Armando; SILVA, Joseli Maria. Ofício, Engenho e Arte: Inspiração e Técnica na Análise de Dados Qualitativos. Revista Latino-Americana de Geografia e Gênero, v. 7, n. 1, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5212/Rlagg.v.7.i1.0008

SILVEIRA, Pedro Telles da. História, técnica e novas mídias: Crítica da razão histórica digital. Tese em História Social. Programa de Pós- Graduação em História do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2018.

VEE, Annette. Coding Literacy: How Computer Programming Is Changing Writing. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 2017. E-book. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10655.001.0001

WHORF, Benjamin Lee. Language, thought, and reality; selected writings. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1956.

WIMMER, Mario. The Present as Future Past: Anonymous History of Historical Times. Storia della Storiografia, n. 68, 2015.

WHITE, Hayden. Metahistory. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.

YOUNG, Robert. White mythologies: writing history and the west. London: Routledge, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203461815

ZIPF, G. K. Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort. Cambridge: Addison-Wesley, 1949.

Downloads

Published

2019-04-28

How to Cite

NICODEMO, T. L.; CARDOSO, O. P. Metahistory for (Ro)bots: Historical Knowledge in the Artificial Intelligence Era. História da Historiografia: International Journal of Theory and History of Historiography, Ouro Preto, v. 12, n. 29, 2019. DOI: 10.15848/hh.v12i29.1443. Disponível em: https://revistahh.emnuvens.com.br/revista/article/view/1443. Acesso em: 17 dec. 2024.

Issue

Section

Article